UNIX Tutorial One

1.1 Listing files and directories
ls (list)
When you first login, your current working directory is your home directory. Your home directory has the same name as your user-name, for example, ee91ab, and it is where your personal files and subdirectories are saved.

To find out what is in your home directory, type

% ls

The ls command ( lowercase L and lowercase S ) lists the contents of your current working directory.




There may be no files visible in your home directory, in which case, the UNIX prompt will be returned. Alternatively, there may already be some files inserted by the System Administrator when your account was created.

ls does not, in fact, cause all the files in your home directory to be listed, but only those ones whose name does not begin with a dot (.) Files beginning with a dot (.) are known as hidden files and usually contain important program configuration information. They are hidden because you should not change them unless you are very familiar with UNIX!!!

To list all files in your home directory including those whose names begin with a dot, type

% ls -a

As you can see, ls -a lists files that are normally hidden.




ls is an example of a command which can take options: -a is an example of an option. The options change the behaviour of the command. There are online manual pages that tell you which options a particular command can take, and how each option modifies the behaviour of the command. (See later in this tutorial)



1.2 Making Directories
mkdir (make directory)
We will now make a subdirectory in your home directory to hold the files you will be creating and using in the course of this tutorial. To make a subdirectory called unixstuff in your current working directory type

% mkdir unixstuff

To see the directory you have just created, type

% ls


1.3 Changing to a different directory
cd (change directory)
The command cd directory means change the current working directory to 'directory'. The current working directory may be thought of as the directory you are in, i.e. your current position in the file-system tree.

To change to the directory you have just made, type

% cd unixstuff

Type ls to see the contents (which should be empty)

Exercise 1a
Make another directory inside the unixstuff directory called backups

1.4 The directories . and ..
Still in the unixstuff directory, type

% ls -a

As you can see, in the unixstuff directory (and in all other directories), there are two special directories called (.) and (..)

The current directory (.)
In UNIX, (.) means the current directory, so typing

% cd .

NOTE: there is a space between cd and the dot

means stay where you are (the unixstuff directory).

This may not seem very useful at first, but using (.) as the name of the current directory will save a lot of typing, as we shall see later in the tutorial.

The parent directory (..)
(..) means the parent of the current directory, so typing

% cd ..

will take you one directory up the hierarchy (back to your home directory). Try it now.

Note: typing cd with no argument always returns you to your home directory. This is very useful if you are lost in the file system.

1.5 Pathnames
pwd (print working directory)
Pathnames enable you to work out where you are in relation to the whole file-system. For example, to find out the absolute pathname of your home-directory, type cd to get back to your home-directory and then type

% pwd

The full pathname will look something like this -

/home/its/ug1/ee51vn

which means that ee51vn (your home directory) is in the sub-directory ug1 (the group directory),which in turn is located in the its sub-directory, which is in the home sub-directory, which is in the top-level root directory called " / " .




Exercise 1b
Use the commands cd, ls and pwd to explore the file system.

(Remember, if you get lost, type cd by itself to return to your home-directory)

1.6 More about home directories and pathnames
Understanding pathnames
First type cd to get back to your home-directory, then type

% ls unixstuff

to list the conents of your unixstuff directory.

Now type

% ls backups

You will get a message like this -

backups: No such file or directory

The reason is, backups is not in your current working directory. To use a command on a file (or directory) not in the current working directory (the directory you are currently in), you must either cd to the correct directory, or specify its full pathname. To list the contents of your backups directory, you must type

% ls unixstuff/backups



~ (your home directory)
Home directories can also be referred to by the tilde ~ character. It can be used to specify paths starting at your home directory. So typing

% ls ~/unixstuff

will list the contents of your unixstuff directory, no matter where you currently are in the file system.

What do you think

% ls ~

would list?

What do you think

% ls ~/..

would list?


Summary
Command & Meaning
ls list files and directories
ls -a list all files and directories
mkdir make a directory
cd directory change to named directory
cd change to home-directory
cd ~ change to home-directory
cd .. change to parent directory
pwd display the path of the current directory

UNIX Introduction

What is UNIX?
UNIX is an operating system which was first developed in the 1960s, and has been under constant development ever since. By operating system, we mean the suite of programs which make the computer work. It is a stable, multi-user, multi-tasking system for servers, desktops and laptops.

UNIX systems also have a graphical user interface (GUI) similar to Microsoft Windows which provides an easy to use environment. However, knowledge of UNIX is required for operations which aren't covered by a graphical program, or for when there is no windows interface available, for example, in a telnet session.



Types of UNIX
There are many different versions of UNIX, although they share common similarities. The most popular varieties of UNIX are Sun Solaris, GNU/Linux, and MacOS X.

Here in the School, we use Solaris on our servers and workstations, and Fedora Linux on the servers and desktop PCs.

The UNIX operating system
The UNIX operating system is made up of three parts; the kernel, the shell and the programs.



The kernel
The kernel of UNIX is the hub of the operating system: it allocates time and memory to programs and handles the filestore and communications in response to system calls.

As an illustration of the way that the shell and the kernel work together, suppose a user types rm myfile (which has the effect of removing the file myfile). The shell searches the filestore for the file containing the program rm, and then requests the kernel, through system calls, to execute the program rm on myfile. When the process rm myfile has finished running, the shell then returns the UNIX prompt % to the user, indicating that it is waiting for further commands.



The shell
The shell acts as an interface between the user and the kernel. When a user logs in, the login program checks the username and password, and then starts another program called the shell. The shell is a command line interpreter (CLI). It interprets the commands the user types in and arranges for them to be carried out. The commands are themselves programs: when they terminate, the shell gives the user another prompt (% on our systems).

The adept user can customise his/her own shell, and users can use different shells on the same machine. Staff and students in the school have the tcsh shell by default.

The tcsh shell has certain features to help the user inputting commands.

Filename Completion - By typing part of the name of a command, filename or directory and pressing the [Tab] key, the tcsh shell will complete the rest of the name automatically. If the shell finds more than one name beginning with those letters you have typed, it will beep, prompting you to type a few more letters before pressing the tab key again.

History - The shell keeps a list of the commands you have typed in. If you need to repeat a command, use the cursor keys to scroll up and down the list or type history for a list of previous commands.




Files and processes
Everything in UNIX is either a file or a process.

A process is an executing program identified by a unique PID (process identifier).

A file is a collection of data. They are created by users using text editors, running compilers etc.

Examples of files:

•a document (report, essay etc.)
•the text of a program written in some high-level programming language
•instructions comprehensible directly to the machine and incomprehensible to a casual user, for example, a collection of binary digits (an executable or binary file);
•a directory, containing information about its contents, which may be a mixture of other directories (subdirectories) and ordinary files.


The Directory Structure
All the files are grouped together in the directory structure. The file-system is arranged in a hierarchical structure, like an inverted tree. The top of the hierarchy is traditionally called root (written as a slash / )



In the diagram above, we see that the home directory of the undergraduate student "ee51vn" contains two sub-directories (docs and pics) and a file called report.doc.

The full path to the file report.doc is "/home/its/ug1/ee51vn/report.doc"

Starting an UNIX terminal
To open an UNIX terminal window, click on the "Terminal" icon from Applications/Accessories menus.





An UNIX Terminal window will then appear with a % prompt, waiting for you to start entering commands.

Bakuman

Description :

It's not easy to become and live as a mangaka, as Mashiro knows from his late uncle.

At his 9th grade, while trying to keep up with reality, school and then normal job, he left his notebook with a sketch of Azuki, a girl he likes. Tamaki, a first rate student found it and trying to convince Mashiro to draw a manga with his story. Mashiro doesn't like the idea and tries to decline.

Tamaki, however, tries to stick to dream and found out that Azuki also wants to be a voice actress and already got a good reply from a production company. Tamaki, then, brought Mashiro to her house and telling her his dream.... Mashiro then tells her that he will write a manga with Tamaki and will ask Azuki to voice their anime.

Out of confusion, Mashiro asks her if the dreams become reality, will she marry him? She says yes, only if their dreams become true, and not otherwise!! Now, lives of wannabe mangakas begin!!!

Credit to MangaUpdates.com

Link to down :

Chapter 23 download mirror (NEW)
Chapter 22 download mirror
Chapter 21 download mirror
Chapter 20 download mirror
Chapter 19 download mirror
Chapter 18 download mirror
Chapter 17 download mirror
Chapter 16 download mirror
Chapter 15 download mirror
Chapter 14 download mirror
Chapter 13 download mirror
Chapter 12 download mirror
Chapter 11 download mirror
Chapter 10 download mirror
Chapter 09 download mirror
Chapter 08 download mirror
Chapter 07 download mirror
Chapter 06 download mirror
Chapter 05 download mirror
Chapter 04 download mirror
Chapter 03 download mirror
Chapter 02 download mirror
Chapter 01 download mirror

Gmail offline: A guided tour

Wondering how Gmail offline works? Here, we walk you through it.

In short, people familiar with Gmail already are mostly familiar with its offline incarnation, which Google said it's releasing gradually to its users in coming days. The biggest difference is of course that you can't see new messages, and e-mails that you send are merely queued up until they can be delivered when a network connection is re-established.

Gmail uses Google's Gears technology, which among other things lets browsers store data on a computer in what's called a local cache. I'm using Firefox 3.1 beta 2, with which Gears isn't compatible, so to access Gmail offline I used Google Chrome instead, which has Gears built in. Since Gears is a relative rarity, though, most folks will have to install it first, which Google walks you through.

There are some limitations to offline Gmail: Only about 10,000 messages will be downloaded--the newest and most recently used. You can't use the contacts tab to manage your connections, though e-mail address autocomplete works so you won't need to worry about remembering e-mail addresses. You can't include attachments on new messages. It's only available in Gmail for English speakers.

But overall, it's certainly worth it if you're ever on a plane, taxi, train, vacation retreat, or coffee shop with an overstressed connection.

How do you use it? First things first. In the Gmail settings section, go to the "Labs" tab, click the "enable" button next to Offline Gmail. Then go all the way to the bottom of the page and click "Save Changes." This is an experimental feature, and Google warns they've occasionally seen issues keeping the local cache in sync.

There's more to be done to set it up, though. Go back to your in-box, then click the "Offline 0.1" link in the upper right corner. That'll walk you through the next stage of setup, including the setup of Gears if you don't have it running yet.

Next comes the explanation of what you're doing and the warning not to install offline Gears on a public machine.

Then comes the permission phase. You're granting Gmail access to Gears, which means the software is granted access to your hard drive.

Do you feel you don't have enough icons in your life? Is your desktop just not cluttered enough? If so, now's the time to let Gmail sprinkle some more icons around. I actually don't mind this for valued applications: on Windows I assign a keyboard shortcut to the icon so I can launch it with a Ctrl-Alt-G combination. When you launch Gmail off the icon using Chrome, it fires up the application with no tab and navigation bar, so you get maximum screen real estate for the application; clicking links opens them in a new browser window.

Next comes the synchronization process. Depending on your in-box size and network connection, this could take awhile. And unfortunately, if you enable offline mode on a separate browser--Internet Explorer, for example--Gmail has to download the whole shebang again.

Happily, Gmail still can be used while you're creating the cache, because Gears is multithreaded--in other words, it can walk and chew gum at the same time.

The synchronization process is interruptible. Gmail tells you how far back into your archive it's delved and how many messages have been downloaded so far. The database is optimized for about 10,000 messages, and searching them is swift, even if it returns incomplete results compared to Gmail's performance while connected to your full archive.

Once the messages are done, Gmail tackles the attachments. You can view attachments when offline, but you can't include attachments in new e-mail you create while offline, at least for now.

The control panel in Gmail settings shows how far back Gmail's offline archive goes. It also tells you which tags it includes, which is handy--if you want all messages from your folks in the archive, label them "family" (I have my account set up to apply that label when the messages arrive from various e-mail addresses). Any label you've clicked on will be archived offline. (In this image, my labels have been blurred. No peeking!)

If you're offline, Gmail detects it automatically. Clicking the gray circle-with-a-bar icon that indicates no network will produce this pop-up that lets you manually try to reconnect. The status bar--whether online or offline--also lets you enter the intermediate "flaky connection mode," which is designed for times when your network access is intermittent. With it, Gmail will try to retrieve new messages and deliver the ones you've instructed be sent, but won't get too ruffled if the network isn't up.

After this, you're set up for offline Gmail. All the rest of the interface is the same as online: messages can be read, starred, labeled, and archived; search and conversation view work with the messages in your archive; and new messages can be written. I'd like contacts management, but overall, the experience is good and a big improvement for the application.

Originally posted at Webware

Hope you guys can enjoy it (",)

Google unveils tools that can show if your ISP is giving you what you paid for

Google hosts performance-measurement tools on servers in the U.S. and Europe

January 29, 2009 (Computerworld) Want to know if you're actually getting what you're paying your Internet service provider for?

If you are, join the club. The problem is that it it has been far from easy to get a handle on how your service provider deals with various kinds of traffic. That may become an easier job now that Google Inc. is launching what it calls Measurement Lab (M-Lab), an open system that researchers and consumers can use to access its new Internet performance measurement tools.

"Researchers are already developing tools that allow users to, among other things, measure the speed of their connections, run diagnostics, and attempt to discern if their ISP is blocking or throttling particular applications," said Vint Cerf, Google's chief Internet evangelist, and Stephen Stuart, Google's principal engineer, in a blog post. "These tools generate and send some data back and forth between the user's computer and a server elsewhere on the Internet. Unfortunately, researchers lack widely-distributed servers with ample connectivity. This poses a barrier to the accuracy and scalability of these tools."

To tackle the problem, Google announced late on Wednesday that it will host the tools on 37 servers in the U.S. and Europe. The tools are designed to help users try to figure out what might be impairing their broadband speed, as well as find out if BitTorrent is being blocked or throttled by their Internet service providers.

"Seems like the intention behind this is to give consumers a way to keep tabs on their provider and make sure that they're getting what they're paying for in terms of speed," said Dan Olds, an analyst at Gabriel Consulting Group Inc. "Also, with these tools, consumers will supposedly be able to tell if particular high-bandwidth applications, like BitTorrent, are being constrained by their ISP. So if an ISP is limiting video downloads, for example, consumers can use the Google tool, figure it out and start a huge outcry, putting pressure on the ISP to stop."

Just last month, an analyst with ties to the telecommunications industry released a report calling Google a bandwidth hog. Scott Cleland, president of Precursor LLC, a research firm bankrolled by telecommunications heavyweights such as AT&T Inc. and Verizon Communications Inc., reported that Google uses 21 times more bandwidth than it pays for.

Google was quick to fire back. Richard Whitt, Google's Washington telecommunications and media counsel, noted in a blog post that Cleland is "not exactly a neutral party." Whitt also claimed that the analyst had made methodological and factual errors.

Olds noted that the new measurement platform is another salvo in the war between content providers such as Google and network providers.

"This Google tool is a way for consumers to keep their providers honest, but it also serves to further Google's interest in keeping bandwidth limits at bay," he added. "This gives consumers a way to pressure ISPs who try to limit individual bandwidth -- like secretly limiting your account because you download 10 movies a day and giving me my full bandwidth because I don't. There's only so much bandwidth to go around. They can either build more capacity, which they hate to do, or try to put limits on the extreme high users."

Stuart and Cerf noted in their blog post that all the data collected via M-Lab will be made publicly available for other researchers to build on. Google is working on the project with the New America Foundation's Open Technology Institute, the PlanetLab Consortium and academic researchers, according to the company.

"No matter your views on Net neutrality and ISP network management practices, everyone can agree that Internet users deserve to be well-informed about what they're getting when they sign up for broadband, and good data is the bedrock of sound policy," wrote Cerf and Stuart. "Transparency has always been crucial to the success of the Internet, and by advancing network research in this area, M-Lab aims to help sustain a healthy, innovative Internet."

By Sharon Gaudin

Hye....

Hye guys, Here i will try to upload new n complete manga. just wanna share with u all...... (",)